The auxiliary verb (or helping verb) ‘have’ is used to form compound tenses (using more than one verb in the tense) in active and passive voice using the past participle (V3).
Have is also an irregular verb:Simple Present:
Simple Past:
- I – we – you – they = have
- he – she - it = has
Past Participle:
- I – he – she – it – we – you - they = had
- had
Active Voice Sentence Structure
subject + have + verb (past participle = pp) + object
- Present Perfect Simple:
John has eaten the cake.
- Past Perfect Simple:
Sally had finished the homework before the class ended.
- Present Perfect Progressive:
She has been studying very hard.
- Past Perfect Progressive:
He had been reading when the phone rang.
Passive Voice Sentence Structure
object+ have + verb (past participle = pp) + verb
- Present Perfect:
The car has been fixed.
- Past Perfect:
The students had been worried.
Interrogative (Yes/No) Structure
have + subject + verb (past participle = pp) + object
- Present Perfect Simple:
Has John eaten the cake?
- Past Perfect Simple:
Had Sally finished the homework before the class ended?
- Present Perfect Progressive:
Has she been studying very hard?
- Past Perfect Progressive:
Had he been reading when the phone rang?
Interrogative (‘Wh’) Structure
‘Wh’ + have + subject + verb (past participle = pp)
- Present Perfect Simple:
What has John eaten?
- Past Perfect Simple:
When had Sally finished the homework?
- Present Perfect Progressive:
How has she been studying?
- Past Perfect Progressive:
What had he been reading when the phone rang?
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