Thursday

Word Shortening–Clipping

word_cut
Clipping a word means to take away one or more syllables from a word. These types of words are most commonly used in informal English. The part of the word that is subtracted can be at the beginning or at the end of a word. Usually this occurs with longer words so that speaking can be done at a more efficient pace. Here is a list of examples of the more common clipped words used in English.
 
  • phone - telephone
  • plane – airplane
  • photo - photograph
  • math - mathematics
  • gym - gymnasium
  • piano - pianoforte
  • sax - saxophone
  • fax - facsimile
  • flu - influenza
  • fridge – refrigerator
  • gent – gentleman
  • burger – hamburger
  • auto – automobile
  • biz – business
  • celeb – celebrity
  • deli – delicatessen
  • exam – examination
  • gator – alligator
  • hippo – hippopotamus
  • hood – neighborhood
  • info – information
  • intro – introduction
  • lab – laboratory
  • limo – limousine
  • mayo – mayonnaise
  • max - maximum
  • perm – permanent
  • ref - referee
  • rhino – rhinoceros
  • reps – repetitions
  • demo – demonstration
  • stats – statistics
  • temp – temperature
  • specs – spectacles
  • tux – tuxedo
  • ump – umpire
  • vet - veterinarian
  • vet – veteran
  • pants – pantaloons
  • dorm – dormitory
  • prom – promenade
  • fan - fanatic
  • ad – advertisement
  • bike – bicycle
  • lunch – luncheon
  • memo – memorandum
  • typo – typographical error
  • chute – parachute
  • gas – gasoline
  • doc – doctor
  • pro – professional
  • piano – pianoforte
  • condo – condominium
  • chimp – chimpanzee
  • champ – champion
  • con – convict
  • mic – microphone
  • tie - necktie
 
These are just a few, there are many many more. If you’re interested in learning more, search the internet for clipped words or shortened words. It might also be interesting for you to know that the same thing is done with proper names, such as Betty, Beth, Liz for Elizabeth or Dave for David. You can also find these with an online search for clipped names, shortened proper names or nicknames.
As always, feel free to leave a comment, suggestion or email me.
Have a great day!

Tuesday

Blended Words in English

English Vocabulary Quick Reference: A Dictionary Arranged by Word RootsBlended words can be confusing to people learning the English language, because unlike adding an affix, i.e., prefix, suffix or infix, they are made up of two words, usually the beginning of one and the end of another, to form a new word.Sometimes you may find these blended words in the dictionary, but sometimes you won't. You can look them up on the Internet, though.
 Listed here are some of the more commonly used blended words with an example sentence.

→ chortle – a word made by combining chuckle and snort.
     ‘When Mary saw the cartoon she chortled.'

→ guesstimate - a word made by combing guess and estimate.
     ‘I’m not sure how much that car costs, but I guesstimate around thirty thousand dollars.’

→ melodrama - a word made by combing melody and drama.
     ‘Meg stop making a melodrama out of everything, you exaggerate your emotions so much!’

→ motel – a word made by combing motor and hotel.
     ‘I drive a semi truck for a living and I usually sleep at motels.’

→ republicrat – a word made by combining Republican and Democrat.
     ‘I’m not really a republican nor democrat, but I agree with parts of both sides, so I must be a republicrat.'

→ smog - a word made by combining smoke and fog.
     ‘Los Angeles, California is well known for having a lot of smog.'

→ spork - a word made by combining spoon and fork.
     ‘Plastic sporks are usually included in take out meals.’

→televangelist - a word made by combining television and evangelist.
     ‘A televangelist is a preacher who gives sermons on TV.’

→ emoticon - a word made by combining emotion and icon.
     ‘You can find thousands of emoticons online these days.’

→ Internet - a word made by combining inter and network.
     ‘The Internet links millions of computers worldwide.’

→ freeware - a word made by combining free and software.
     ‘Many sites online offer freeware as an alternative to buying software.’

→ gasohol - a word made by combining gas and alcohol.
     ‘My grandfather’s car runs on gasohol.’

→ docudrama - a word made by combining documentary and drama.
     ‘Michael Moore has produced some very good docudramas.’

→ infomercial - a word made by combining information and commercial.
     ‘There are far too many infomercials on television these days.’

→ Bollywood - a word made by combining Bombay and Hollywood.
     ‘I love Bollywood films, however they are longer than American films and very dramatic.’

→ dancercise - a word made by combining dance and exercise.
     ‘Dancercise is much more fun than plain exercise.’

→ brunch – a word made by combining breakfast and lunch.
     ‘Let’s meet Monday for brunch, about 11:00 a.m.’

→ dumbfound – a word made by combining dumb and confound.
     I was really dumbfounded by the the acts of violence in the street fight.’

→ sitcom - a word made by combining situation and comedy
     ‘Sometimes I just like to watch sitcoms when I feel bad. They make me laugh.’

These are not all of them, there are many, many more. Some are more common, like the ones I have listed here and some you may never see used. Just remember that these word forms exist and sometimes when you can’t find a word in the dictionary and you cannot guess the meaning, trying looking it up under blended words.
If you have any that you find interesting, or just want to add to the list, feel free to leave a comment or email me.
Have a great day!

Wednesday

The Auxiliary Verb ‘Have’ in English

The auxiliary verb (or helping verb) ‘have’ is used to form compound tenses (using more than one verb in the tense) in active and passive voice using the past participle (V3).
Have is also an irregular verb:
Simple Present:
  • I – we – you – they = have
  • he – she - it = has
Simple Past:
  • I – he – she – it – we – you - they = had
Past Participle:
  • had

Active Voice Sentence Structure
subject + have + verb (past participle = pp) + object
  • Present Perfect Simple:
John has eaten the cake.
  • Past Perfect Simple:
Sally had finished the homework before the class ended.
  • Present Perfect Progressive:
She has been studying very hard.
  • Past Perfect Progressive:
He had been reading when the phone rang.
 
Passive Voice Sentence Structure
object+ have + verb (past participle = pp) + verb
  • Present Perfect:
The car has been fixed.
  • Past Perfect:
The students had been worried.

Interrogative (Yes/No) Structure
have + subject + verb (past participle = pp) + object
  • Present Perfect Simple:
Has John eaten the cake?
  • Past Perfect Simple:
Had Sally finished the homework before the class ended?
  • Present Perfect Progressive:
Has she  been studying very hard?
  • Past Perfect Progressive:
Had he been reading when the phone rang?

Interrogative (‘Wh’) Structure
‘Wh’ + have + subject + verb (past participle = pp)
  • Present Perfect Simple:
What has John eaten?
  • Past Perfect Simple:
When had Sally finished the homework?
  • Present Perfect Progressive:
How has she  been studying?
  • Past Perfect Progressive:
What had he been reading when the phone rang?

If anyone who reads this has a question or needs something explained further, please click on ‘comments’ and leave a comment for me. I will be happy to answer you!

Have a great day!



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